He mea noa te karāhe i roto i ō tātou oranga o ia rā, e kitea ana i roto i ngā matapihi, i ngā whakaata me ngā momo taputapu hiko. Hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā momo whakamahinga, ka tukatukahia ngā rauemi karāhe mā roto i ngā tikanga rerekē, tae atu ki te mahi matao. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te ariā o te mahi matao o te karāhe whatu, ā, ka matapakihia ngā wira huri e tika ana mō te huri karāhe.
Ko te tukatuka matao o te karāhe whatu e pā ana ki ngā tikanga hanga, huri, me te whakakanapa i te pāmahana rūma me te kore whakamahana, te kore rānei e whakamahanahia. He mea nui tēnei tikanga hei pupuri i ngā āhuatanga whatu me te tika o ngā āhua o te karāhe i te wā e hangaia ana. I te wā e huri ana i te karāhe, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i te wira huri. He taputapu whakakoi ngā wira huri e whakamahia ana mō te tango rauemi me te whakaoti mata. Mā te wira huri tika ka taea te whakarite i te mahi pai me te whakaiti i te kino o te karāhe.
1. He aha te tukatuka matao o te karāhe whatu?
Karāhe whatu:
He rauemi maha ngā mahi a te karāhe whatu, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga i ngā momo wāhanga i roto i ngā taputapu whatu me ngā pūnaha miihini. Nā tōna māramatanga me te ōritetanga teitei, i te taha matū me te taha tinana, he mea pai mō ngā tono e hiahia ana ki ngā pūmau whatu tika. Ka taea te wehewehe i te karāhe whatu ki ngā momo rerekē e ai ki tōna hanganga. Ko te whānau silicate he karāhe i hangaia i te nuinga o te wā mai i te hauhā silicon (SiO2). He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei raupapa hua i roto i te hanga karāhe, i ngā porotiti, me ngā matapihi nā ō rātou āhuatanga tuku pai i roto i ngā rohe e kitea ana me ngā rohe tata-infrared. Kei roto i te karāhe raupapa borate he nui te boron oxide (B2O3) i roto i tōna hanganga. E mōhiotia ana tēnei raupapa mō tōna marara iti, he mea pai mō ngā tono e hiahiatia ana te whakaiti i te aberration chromatic, pērā i ngā karāhe kāmera kounga teitei. Ko te raupapa phosphate he mea hanga i te phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). He teitei te taupū whakaata o tēnei momo karāhe me te ātete pai ki te wera me te ahotea matū, he mea whai hua i roto i ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te mahi whatu kaha me te roa. Ko te raupapa matū fluorine he karāhe ko tōna wāhanga matua ko te fluorine (F). He iti ngā āhuatanga marara o ēnei mōhiti, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei hanga karaihe kounga teitei mō ngā kāmera, ngā karu hiko, me ngā karu tiro. Hei whakamutunga, kei roto i te whānau chalcogenide ngā mōhiti i titoa mai i ngā huānga chalcogen pērā i te whanariki (S), te selenium (Se), me te tellurium (Te). He ahurei te karaihe chalcogenide nā te mea he pai rawa ngā āhuatanga tuku infrared. He mea whakamahi noa i roto i ngā whatu infrared pērā i ngā pūnaha tirohanga pō me ngā pūoko infrared. I te nuinga o te wā, he rauemi kanorau te karaihe whatu me ngā momo hanganga me ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō ngā tono whatu motuhake. Nā tōna māramatanga teitei, te ōritetanga, me ngā pūmau whatu tika, he mea nui tēnei hei wāhanga i roto i te hanga karaihe, ngā porotiti, ngā whakaata, me ngā matapihi mō ngā taputapu whatu me ngā pūnaha mīhini.
Hangarau mahi matao:
I roto i tētahi whanaketanga hou, kua puta ake tētahi tikanga tukatuka matao hou e āhei ana ki te huri i te karāhe houra-raima-silicate hei rauemi ātete ahi tino mārō. Ka whakamahia e tēnei hangarau matua te maimoatanga wera matū o te kohu, e whakarerekē ana i te hanganga ngota o te karāhe me te kore e pā ki tōna tae taketake me te tuku māramatanga. Nō reira, mā tēnei tukanga auaha ka taea e te karāhe te tutuki i ngā paerewa tino mārō me te ātete pai ki ngā mura pāmahana teitei. Ko te tikanga hanga i tēnei karāhe mārō ātete ahi he maha ngā huānga matua. Ko te huinga wāhanga matua he mea tito mai i te kohu tote pāhare pāporo (72%~83%), te hau argon (7%~10%), te hau parahi konupora (8%~12%), me te hau hauota (2%~6%) mā te ōwehenga taumaha. %). He mea nui te mahi a ēnei wāhanga kua whiriwhiria kia angitu ai te whakatinanatanga o ngā tikanga mahi matao.
Ka tīmata te tukanga hanga mā te tapahi i te papa karaihe houra-raima-hirika, kia tika ai te taha me te maeneene. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau tukatuka makariri, ka hurihia te karaihe kia pai ake ai te mata. Whai muri i tēnei taahiraa, ka tukuna te karaihe ki tētahi maimoatanga wera matū hou. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei maimoatanga he whakarerekē i te hanganga ngota o te karaihe, me te whakanui ake i tōna pakeke kia taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tiaki ahi ina pāngia e ngā mura wera nui. Hei whakarei ake i tana mahi ahi, ka pania te karaihe ki tētahi kiriata tiaki ahi motuhake. Ka tāpirihia e te kiriata tētahi paparanga tiaki anō me te kore e pā ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o te karaihe, tae atu ki tōna tae me te tuku mārama. Hei tāpiri, kua tukuna hoki te mata karaihe ki tētahi maimoatanga whakapakari tinana motuhake. Kei roto i tēnei maimoatanga ngā hangarau maha kua hangaia hei whakapakari i te karaihe, hei whakarite i tōna roa me te whakanui ake i tōna ātete pānga. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o tēnei tikanga tukatuka makariri ko te whakamahinga o ngā tauhohenga, e mahi ana hei taputapu wetewete wera me te hauhautanga motuhake. He mahi nui tā tēnei taputapu ki te whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga matū e hiahiatia ana mō te tukanga maimoatanga wera, hei whakarite i te huringa e hiahiatia ana o te karaihe.
He nui te pānga o tēnei tikanga mahi matao. Ka taea e ngā ahumahi e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi kaha-teitei, ā, he ātete-ahi hoki te whai hua nui mai i tēnei auahatanga. Kei roto i ngā tono mai i te ahumahi hanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te karāhe ahi-whakamātautau hei tikanga haumaru i roto i ngā whare, i ngā wāhi ahumahi rānei, he mea nui te roa o te mau me te ātete ki ngā pāmahana tino kino. Ko te whanaketanga o tēnei tikanga mahi matao i tohu i tētahi whanaketanga nui i roto i te hanga rauemi ātete-ahi. Mā te whakamahi i te mana o te maimoatanga wera matū kohu, ka taea te whakarei ake i te karāhe silica raima houra ki ngā taumata tino pakari me te ātete-ahi. Mā te whakauru angitu i tēnei hangarau, ka taea te hanga i tētahi whakatupuranga hou o te karāhe ātete-ahi mahi-teitei, ka huri i te ahumahi me te whakarite i ngā paerewa haumaru teitei ake mō ngā tono maha.
2. Te whiriwhiri i te mea tikangā wira hurimō te huri karaihe
He tukanga uaua te huri karāhe e hiahia ana ki ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga tika hei whakarite kia maeneene, kia tika hoki te whakaotinga. Ko tētahi o ngā mea tino nui hei whakatutuki i ngā hua e hiahiatia ana ko te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu huri tika. He mea hanga ngā wira huri mai i ngā konganuku me ngā here. Ko ngā konganuku te kawenga matua mō te tango rauemi i te wā e huri ana, ā, ka whakapūmauhia ki tētahi āhua motuhake mā te here i te rauemi. Mā te rauemi here e whakarato te kaha me te here e tika ana ki te wira, ko te porosity e āwhina ana i te tango maramara me te rere o te wai whakamatao.
Mō te huri karāhe, he pai te whakamahi i te kirikiri pai ake kia maeneene, kia kanapa hoki te mata. Mā te rahi o te kirikiri pai ake ka iti ake ngā karawarawa, ngā tohu rānei i runga i te mata karāhe. Ko te pakeke o te wira huri tētahi atu mea nui hei whakaaro. He mea pakarukaru te karāhe, nō reira he pai ake te whakamahi i te wira ngawari hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te kino ki te karāhe. Heoi, ka rerekē pea te pakeke e hiahiatia ana i runga i te momo karāhe i hurihia me te whakaotinga e hiahiatia ana. He mea nui anō hoki te whakarite tika i te wira huri. I mua i te whakamahinga o te wira huri, tirohia mēnā kua pakaru, kua hē rānei te wira huri, ki te kore, ka puta he hurihanga kāore i te ōrite, ka pakaru rānei. He mea nui kia whai i ngā aratohu tāutanga me te whakatikatika wira a te kaihanga kia pai ai te mahi me te haumaru.
Hei whakamutunga, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i te taputapu huri tika mō te huri pai i te karāhe. Ko ngā mea whakakoi he kirikiri pai, he pakeke waenga te tikanga kia maeneene, kia tika hoki te whakaotinga o ngā mata karāhe. He mea nui anō hoki te whakarite taputapu tika me te piri ki ngā aratohu haumaru. Ka taea te whakatutuki i te huri karāhe tino tika me te kounga teitei mā te whiriwhiri i te wira huri tika me te whakamahi i te tikanga tika.
Wā tuku: 17 o Ākuhata-2023