Ingilazi iyinto etholakala kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, etholakala emafasiteleni, ezibukweni nakumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene, izinto zengilazi zivame ukucutshungulwa ngamasu ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nokusebenza ngokubandayo. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola umqondo wokusebenza ngokubandayo kwengilazi ebonakalayo futhi sixoxe ngamasondo okugaya afanele okugaya ingilazi.
Ukucubungula ingilazi ekhanyayo ngokubandayo kubhekisela ekwakhiweni, ekugayweni nasekupholishweni kwegumbi lokushisa ngaphandle kokushisa noma okunye ukwelashwa kokushisa. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni izakhiwo zokukhanya kanye nokunemba kobukhulu bengilazi ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza. Lapho ugaywa ingilazi, into ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe ukukhetha isondo lokugaya. Amasondo okugaya angamathuluzi okukhuhla asetshenziselwa ukususa izinto kanye nokuqedela ubuso. Isondo lokugaya elifanele lingaqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu futhi linciphise umonakalo engilazini.
1. Kuyini ukucutshungulwa okubandayo kwengilazi yokukhanya?
Ingilazi yokukhanya:
Ingilazi ye-optical iyinto eguquguqukayo, esetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene kumathuluzi okukhanya kanye nezinhlelo zemishini. Ukucaca kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokufana kwayo, kokubili ngamakhemikhali nangokomzimba, kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okudinga ama-constant optical aqondile. Ingilazi ye-optical ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuya ngokwakheka kwayo. Umndeni we-silicate uqukethe izibuko ezakhiwe kakhulu yi-silicon dioxide (SiO2). Lolu chungechunge lwemikhiqizo lusetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizweni kwamalensi, ama-prism, namafasitela ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezinhle kakhulu zokudlulisa ezindaweni ezibonakalayo neziseduze ne-infrared. Ingilazi yechungechunge lwe-borate iqukethe inani elikhulu le-boron oxide (B2O3) ekubunjweni kwayo. Lolu chungechunge lwaziwa ngokusabalala kwalo okuphansi, okwenza lufanelekele ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka khona ukunciphisa ukuphambuka kwe-chromatic, njengamalensi ekhamera asezingeni eliphezulu. Uchungechunge lwe-phosphate luqukethe kakhulu i-phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Lolu hlobo lwengilazi lune-index ephezulu yokugqama kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokushisa kanye nokucindezeleka kwamakhemikhali, okwenza lube usizo ekusetshenzisweni okudinga ukusebenza okuqinile kwe-optical kanye nokuqina. Uchungechunge lwe-fluorine compound luqukethe izibuko eziyingxenye yazo eyinhloko yi-fluorine (F). Lezi zingilazi zinezakhiwo eziphansi zokusabalala futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amalensi asezingeni eliphezulu amakhamera, ama-microscope, nama-telescope. Okokugcina, umndeni we-chalcogenide uhlanganisa izibuko ezakhiwe ngezinto ze-chalcogen njenge-sulfur (S), i-selenium (Se), kanye ne-tellurium (Te). Ingilazi ye-Chalcogenide ihlukile ngoba inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokudlulisa i-infrared. Ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-optics e-infrared njengezinhlelo zokubona ebusuku kanye nama-infrared detectors. Sekukonke, ingilazi ye-optical iyinto ehlukahlukene enezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezakhiwo ezifanele ukusetshenziswa okuthile kwe-optical. Ukucaca kwayo okuphezulu, ukufana, kanye nama-constant e-optical anembile kwenza kube yingxenye ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamalensi, ama-prism, izibuko, namafasitela ezinsimbi zokubona kanye nezinhlelo zemishini.
Ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza okubandayo:
Ekuthuthukisweni okuphumelelayo, kuvele indlela entsha yokucubungula ukubanda ekwazi ukuguqula ingilazi ye-soda-lime-silicate ibe yinto eqinile kakhulu engashisi. Lobu buchwepheshe obuphambili busebenzisa ukwelashwa kokushisa komphunga wamakhemikhali, okushintsha isakhiwo sama-molecule engilazi ngaphandle kokuthinta umbala wayo wokuqala kanye nokudluliswa kokukhanya. Ngenxa yalokho, le nqubo entsha yenza ingilazi ihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuqina kakhulu futhi imelane ngempumelelo namalangabi okushisa aphezulu. Indlela yokwenza le ngilazi eqinile engashisi ihilela izinto eziningana ezibalulekile. Inhlanganisela yengxenye eyinhloko yakhiwa umphunga kasawoti we-potassium (72% ~ 83%), igesi ye-argon (7% ~ 10%), i-gaseous copper chloride (8% ~ 12%), kanye negesi ye-nitrogen (2% ~ 6%) ngesilinganiso sesisindo. %). Lezi zingxenye ezikhethwe ngokucophelela zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni ngempumelelo kwamasu okusebenza okubandayo.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza iqala ngokusika i-substrate yengilazi ye-soda-lime-silica, ukuqinisekisa ukunemba komphetho kanye nokushelela. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula okubandayo, ingilazi igaywa kahle ukuze ubuso bayo bucwengeke kakhudlwana. Ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo, ingilazi ifakwa ukwelashwa kokushisa kwesigaba somswakama wamakhemikhali okusha. Inhloso yalokhu kwelashwa ukushintsha isakhiwo sama-molecule engilazi, kwandise ubulukhuni bayo ukuze ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuvikela umlilo lapho ivezwa emalangabini okushisa aphezulu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwayo komlilo, ingilazi imbozwe ngefilimu ekhethekile yokuvikela umlilo. Ifilimu yengeza ungqimba olwengeziwe lokuvikela ngaphandle kokuthinta izakhiwo zokuqala zengilazi, okuhlanganisa umbala wayo kanye nokudluliswa kokukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuso bengilazi buphinde babhekana nokwelashwa okukhethekile kokuqina ngokomzimba. Lokhu kwelashwa kufaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuklanyelwe ukuqinisa ingilazi, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwayo nokwandisa ukumelana kwayo nomthelela. Ingxenye ebalulekile yale ndlela yokucubungula okubandayo ukusetshenziswa kwama-reactor, asebenza njengemishini ekhethekile yokubola kokushisa kanye negesi. Le mishini idlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okudingekayo enkambisweni yokwelapha ukushisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okufiselekayo kwengilazi.
Umthelela walobu buchwepheshe bokusebenza ngokubandayo wawujulile. Izimboni ezidinga izinto eziqinile nezimelana nomlilo zingazuza kakhulu kulobu buchwepheshe. Izicelo zisukela embonini yokwakha, lapho ingilazi elinganiselwe ngomlilo ingasetshenziswa njengesilinganiso sokuphepha ezakhiweni, noma ezindaweni zezimboni, lapho ukuqina okuphezulu nokumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kubalulekile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale ndlela yokusebenza ngokubandayo kwaphawula intuthuko enkulu ekukhiqizweni kwezinto zokuvimbela umlilo. Ngokusebenzisa amandla okwelashwa kokushisa ngomusi wamakhemikhali, ingilazi ye-soda lime silica manje ingathuthukiswa ibe amazinga akhethekile obulukhuni nokumelana nomlilo. Ngokuhlanganisa ngempumelelo lobu buchwepheshe, isizukulwane esisha sengilazi emelana nomlilo esebenza kahle kakhulu singakhiqizwa, siguqule imboni futhi siqinisekise amazinga aphezulu okuphepha ezicelo eziningi.
2. Ukukhetha okulungileamasondo okugayayokugaya ingilazi
Ukugaya ingilazi kuyinqubo ebucayi edinga amathuluzi namasu afanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuqedwa kahle futhi kunembile. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekufinyeleleni imiphumela efiselekayo ukukhetha amathuluzi okugaya afanele. Amasondo okugaya akhiwe ngama-grain nama-bond arhabaxa. Ama-grain arhabaxa abangela ukususwa kwezinto ngesikhathi sokugaya futhi ahlanganiswa abe yisimo esithile ngokubopha izinto. Izinto zokubopha zinikeza amandla adingekayo kanye ne-bond esondweni, kuyilapho i-porosity yenza kube lula ukuphuma kwe-chip kanye nokugeleza kwe-coolant.
Ngokusebenzisa ingilazi yokugaya, i-grit encane ivame ukunconywa ukuze kutholakale indawo ebushelelezi necwebezelayo. Ubukhulu bezinhlamvu ezincane buqinisekisa ukuklwebheka okuncane noma amamaki ebusweni bengilazi. Ubulukhuni besondo lokugaya bungenye into ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe. Ingilazi iyinto ebuthakathaka kakhulu, ngakho-ke isondo elithambile eliphakathi nendawo livame ukukhethwa ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokulimala kwengilazi. Kodwa-ke, ubulukhuni obuqondile obudingekayo bungahluka kuye ngohlobo lwengilazi egayiwe kanye nokuphela okufiswayo. Ukulungiswa kahle kwesondo lokugaya nakho kubalulekile. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isondo lokugaya, hlola ukuthi isondo lokugaya lonakele noma likhubazekile, ngaphandle kwalokho, lizobangela ukugaya okungalingani noma ukuphuka. Kubalulekile ukulandela iziqondiso zokufakwa kwesondo lomkhiqizi kanye nokufakwa kwesondo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha.
Ekuphetheni, ukukhetha ithuluzi lokugaya elifanele kubalulekile ekugayeni ingilazi ngempumelelo. Ama-abrasives anomhlabathi omncane kanye nobunzima obuphakathi ngokuvamile anconywa ukuze kufezwe ukuqeda okubushelelezi nokunembile ezindaweni zengilazi. Ukulungiswa kwamathuluzi okufanele kanye nokunamathela eziqondisweni zokuphepha nakho kuyizinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele. Ukugaya ingilazi ngokunemba okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu kungatholakala ngokukhetha isondo lokugaya elifanele nokusebenzisa indlela efanele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-17-2023