Iglasi yinto efumaneka kakhulu kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, efumaneka kwiifestile, kwizipili nakwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroniki. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zezicelo ezahlukeneyo, izinto zeglasi zihlala zicutshungulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukusebenza ngokubandayo. Kweli nqaku, sihlola ingcamango yokusebenza ngokubandayo kweglasi ekhanyayo kwaye sixoxa ngamavili okugaya afanelekileyo okugaya iglasi.
Ukucubungula iglasi ekhanyayo ngokubandayo kubhekisa kwiindlela zokwenza, ukugaya, kunye nokupolisha kubushushu begumbi ngaphandle kokufudumeza okanye olunye unyango lobushushu. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni iipropati zokukhanya kunye nokuchaneka kobukhulu beglasi ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Xa kugaywa iglasi, into ephambili ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kukukhetha ivili lokugaywa. Amavili okugaywa zizixhobo ezirhabaxa ezisetyenziselwa ukususa izinto kunye nokugqiba umphezulu. Ivili lokugaywa elifanelekileyo linokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye linciphise umonakalo kwiglasi.
1. Yintoni ukucutshungulwa kweglasi ekhanyayo ngokubandayo?
Iglasi ebonakalayo:
Iglasi ye-optical yinto eguquguqukayo, esetyenziswa ekwenziweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwizixhobo ze-optical nakwiinkqubo ze-mechanical. Ukukhanya kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokufana kwayo, kokubini ngokweekhemikhali nangokomzimba, kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezifuna ii-optical constants ezichanekileyo. Iglasi ye-optical inokwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokwendlela equlunqwe ngayo. Usapho lwe-silicate luqulathe iiglasi ezakhiwe ikakhulu yi-silicon dioxide (SiO2). Olu luhlu lweemveliso lusetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni iilensi, iiprism, kunye neefestile ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezilungileyo zokudlulisela kwiindawo ezibonakalayo nezikufutshane ne-infrared. Iglasi ye-borate series inenani elikhulu le-boron oxide (B2O3) kwi-composition yayo. Olu luhlu lwaziwa ngokusasazeka kwayo okuphantsi, okwenza lufaneleke kwizicelo apho kufuneka ukunciphisa i-chromatic aberration, njengeelensi zekhamera ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Uthotho lwe-phosphate luqulunqwe kakhulu yi-phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Olu hlobo lweglasi lune-index ephezulu ye-refraction kunye nokumelana okuhle kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo lweekhemikhali, okwenza ukuba lube luncedo kwizicelo ezifuna ukusebenza okuqinileyo kwe-optical kunye nokuqina. Uthotho lwe-fluorine compound luqulethwe ziiglasi apho inxalenye yazo ephambili yi-fluorine (F). Ezi glasi zineempawu zokusasazeka eziphantsi kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iilensi ezikumgangatho ophezulu zeekhamera, iimayikroskopu, kunye neeteleskopu. Okokugqibela, usapho lwe-chalcogenide luquka iiglasi ezenziwe ngezinto ze-chalcogen ezifana ne-sulfur (S), i-selenium (Se), kunye ne-tellurium (Te). Iglasi ye-Chalcogenide ikhethekile kuba ineempawu zokudlulisa ezigqwesileyo ze-infrared. Isetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-infrared optics ezifana neenkqubo zokubona ebusuku kunye ne-infrared detectors. Ngokubanzi, iglasi ye-optical yinto eyahlukeneyo eneempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile ze-optical. Ukukhanya kwayo okuphezulu, ukufana, kunye ne-optical constants echanekileyo kwenza ukuba ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yeelensi, iiprism, izibuko, kunye neefestile zezixhobo ze-optical kunye neenkqubo ze-mechanical.
Itekhnoloji yokusebenza ngokubandayo:
Kwinkqubela phambili, kuye kwavela indlela entsha yokucubungula ubushushu ekwaziyo ukuguqula iglasi ye-soda-lime-silicate ibe yinto eqinileyo kakhulu engatshiyo. Le teknoloji iphambili isebenzisa unyango lobushushu bomphunga wekhemikhali, olutshintsha ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli yeglasi ngaphandle kokuchaphazela umbala wayo wokuqala kunye nokudluliselwa kokukhanya. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo intsha ivumela iglasi ukuba ihlangabezane nemigangatho eqinileyo yokuqina kakhulu kwaye imelane ngempumelelo namalangatye obushushu obuphezulu. Indlela yokwenza le glasi eqinileyo engatshiyo ibandakanya izinto ezibalulekileyo ezininzi. Indibaniselwano ephambili yecandelo yenziwe ngumphunga wetyuwa ye-potassium (72% ~ 83%), igesi ye-argon (7% ~ 10%), i-gaseous copper chloride (8% ~ 12%), kunye negesi ye-nitrogen (2% ~ 6%) ngokomlinganiselo wobunzima. %). Ezi zinto zikhethwe ngononophelo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni ngempumelelo kweendlela zokusebenza ezibandayo.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa iqala ngokusika i-substrate yeglasi ye-soda-lime-silica, ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komphetho kunye nokuthamba. Kusetyenziswa iteknoloji yokucubungula okubandayo, iglasi iyagaywa kakuhle ukuze umphezulu wayo ucocwe ngakumbi. Emva kwale nyathelo, iglasi ifakwa kunyango olutsha lobushushu besigaba somphunga wekhemikhali. Injongo yolu nyango kukutshintsha ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli yeglasi, ukwandisa ubulukhuni bayo ukuze ikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokukhusela umlilo xa ivezwa kumlilo oshushu kakhulu. Ukuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kwayo komlilo, iglasi igqunywe ngefilimu ekhethekileyo yokukhusela umlilo. Ifilimu yongeza umaleko owongezelelweyo wokhuseleko ngaphandle kokuchaphazela iimpawu zokuqala zeglasi, kubandakanya umbala wayo kunye nokudluliselwa kokukhanya. Ukongeza, umphezulu weglasi ukwafumene unyango olukhethekileyo lokuqinisa umzimba. Olu nyango luquka ubuchwepheshe obahlukeneyo obuyilelwe ukuqinisa iglasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwayo kunye nokwandisa ukumelana kwayo nempembelelo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yale ndlela yokucubungula okubandayo kukusetyenziswa kwee-reactors, ezisebenza njengezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokubola kobushushu kunye negesi. Ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni iimpembelelo zeekhemikhali ezifunekayo kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu, ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa okufunekayo kweglasi.
Impembelelo yale ndlela yokusebenza ebandayo yayinzulu kakhulu. Amashishini afuna izinto ezinamandla aphezulu nezimelana nomlilo anokungenelwa kakhulu kolu tshintsho. Izicelo ziqala kushishino lokwakha, apho iglasi elinganiswe ngumlilo ingasetyenziswa njengenyathelo lokhuseleko kwizakhiwo, okanye kwiindawo zoshishino, apho ukuqina okuphezulu kunye nokumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo kubalulekile. Uphuhliso lwale ndlela yokusebenza ebandayo luphawule inkqubela phambili enkulu ekuvelisweni kwezinto zokuthintela umlilo. Ngokusebenzisa amandla onyango lobushushu bomphunga wamakhemikhali, iglasi ye-soda lime silica ngoku inokuphuculwa ibe ngamanqanaba akhethekileyo obunzima kunye nokumelana nomlilo. Ngokudibanisa ngempumelelo le teknoloji, isizukulwana esitsha seglasi emelana nomlilo esebenza kakhulu sinokwenziwa, siguqule ishishini kwaye siqinisekise imigangatho yokhuseleko ephezulu kwizicelo ezininzi.
2. Ukukhetha okulungileyoamavili okugayayokugaya iglasi
Ukugaya iglasi yinkqubo ebuthathaka efuna izixhobo kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukugqitywa okugudileyo nokuchanekileyo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufezekiseni iziphumo ezifunekayo kukukhetha izixhobo zokugaya ezifanelekileyo. Amavili okugaya enziwe ngeenkozo ezirhabaxa kunye neebhondi. Iinkozo ezirhabaxa zinoxanduva lokususa izinto ngexesha lokugaya kwaye zidityaniswe zibe yimo ethile ngokubopha izinto. Izinto ezibophayo zinika amandla kunye nebhondi efunekayo kwivili, ngelixa i-porosity inceda ekuphumeni kweetshiphusi kunye nokuhamba komoya opholileyo.
Kwiglasi yokusila, kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise igrit ecolekileyo ukuze ufumane umphezulu ogudileyo nocolekileyo. Ubungakanani bengqolowa ecolekileyo buqinisekisa ukuba akukho mikrwelo okanye amabala amaninzi kumphezulu weglasi. Ubunzima bevili lokusila yenye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Iglasi yinto ebuthathaka, ngoko ke ivili elithambileyo lidla ngokukhethwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokonakala kweglasi. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima obufunekayo bunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweglasi egayiweyo kunye nokugqitywa okufunwayo. Ukulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo kwevili lokusila nako kubalulekile. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ivili lokusila, jonga ukuba ivili lokusila lonakele okanye likhubazekile, kungenjalo, liya kubangela ukusila okungalinganiyo okanye ukwaphuka. Kubalulekile ukulandela izikhokelo zokufakela ivili lomenzi kunye nemigaqo yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko.
Ukuqukumbela, ukukhetha isixhobo sokusila esifanelekileyo kubalulekile ekusileni iglasi ngempumelelo. Ii-abrasives ezine-grat encinci kunye nobunzima obuphakathi zihlala zicetyiswa ukuze kufezekiswe ukugqitywa okugudileyo nokuchanekileyo kumphezulu weglasi. Ukulungiswa kwezixhobo ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokunamathela kwizikhokelo zokhuseleko nazo zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ukusila iglasi ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu kunokufezekiswa ngokukhetha ivili lokusila elifanelekileyo kunye nokusebenzisa indlela efanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-17-2023