Galasi ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri m'miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku, chomwe chimapezeka m'mawindo, m'magalasi ndi m'zipangizo zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana. Kuti tikwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana, zipangizo zagalasi nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ntchito yozizira. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza lingaliro la ntchito yozizira ya galasi lowala ndikukambirana za mawilo oyenera opukutira galasi.
Kukonza galasi lowala mozizira kumatanthauza njira zopangira, kupukuta, ndi kupukuta kutentha kwa chipinda popanda kutentha kapena mankhwala ena otentha. Njirayi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti galasi likhale lowala komanso lolondola pakupanga. Mukamapukuta galasi, chinthu chofunikira kuganizira ndi kusankha gudumu lopera. Magudumu opera ndi zida zopopera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu ndikumaliza pamwamba. Gudumu lopera loyenera limatha kuonetsetsa kuti galasi likugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka.
1. Kodi kukonza kozizira kwa galasi lowala ndi chiyani?
Galasi lowala:
Galasi lowala ndi chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi ndi makina. Kuwonekera kwake kwakukulu komanso kufanana kwake, mwa mankhwala komanso mwakuthupi, kumapangitsa kuti likhale labwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimafuna zinthu zokhazikika zowunikira. Galasi lowala likhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kake. Banja la silicate limapangidwa ndi magalasi opangidwa makamaka ndi silicon dioxide (SiO2). Zinthuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magalasi, ma prism, ndi mawindo chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zabwino zotumizira m'madera owoneka komanso pafupi ndi infrared. Galasi la borate limakhala ndi boron oxide (B2O3) yambiri m'mapangidwe ake. Mndandanda uwu umadziwika ndi kufalikira kwake kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito komwe kumafunika kuchepetsa kusokonekera kwa chromatic, monga magalasi apamwamba a kamera. Mndandanda wa phosphate umapangidwa makamaka ndi phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5). Mtundu uwu wa galasi uli ndi index yayikulu ya refraction komanso kukana kutentha ndi kupsinjika kwa mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimafuna mphamvu yamphamvu yowunikira komanso kulimba. Mndandanda wa fluorine compound uli ndi magalasi omwe gawo lake lalikulu ndi fluorine (F). Magalasi awa ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zofalikira ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalasi apamwamba kwambiri a makamera, ma microscope, ndi ma telescope. Pomaliza, banja la chalcogenide limaphatikizapo magalasi opangidwa ndi zinthu za chalcogen monga sulfure (S), selenium (Se), ndi tellurium (Te). Galasi la Chalcogenide ndi lapadera chifukwa lili ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zotumizira ma infrared. Limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu infrared optics monga machitidwe owonera usiku ndi ma infrared detectors. Ponseponse, galasi lowala ndi chinthu chosiyanasiyana chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi enaake. Kuwonekera kwake kwakukulu, kufanana kwake, komanso zokhazikika zake zenizeni zimapangitsa kuti likhale gawo lofunikira popanga magalasi, ma prism, magalasi, ndi mawindo a zida zowala ndi makina opangidwa.
Ukadaulo wochita zinthu mozizira:
Mu chitukuko chatsopano, njira yamakono yopangira zinthu zozizira yatulukira yomwe ingathe kusintha galasi la soda-lime-silicate kukhala chinthu cholimba kwambiri chomwe sichingapse ndi moto. Ukadaulo wotsogola uwu umagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otenthetsera nthunzi, omwe amasintha kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a galasi popanda kusokoneza mtundu wake woyambirira ndi kufalikira kwa kuwala. Zotsatira zake, njira yatsopanoyi imalola galasi kukwaniritsa miyezo yolimba kwambiri komanso kupirira bwino malawi otentha kwambiri. Njira yopangira galasi lolimba losapsa ndi moto imakhudza zinthu zingapo zofunika. Kuphatikiza kwakukulu kumapangidwa ndi nthunzi ya mchere wa potaziyamu (72% ~ 83%), gasi ya argon (7% ~ 10%), gasi ya mkuwa wa chloride (8% ~ 12%), ndi gasi ya nayitrogeni (2% ~ 6%) potengera kulemera kwa chinthu. %). Zigawo zosankhidwa mosamala izi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyendetsa bwino njira zogwirira ntchito zozizira.
Njira yopangira imayamba ndi kudula galasi la soda-lime-silica, kuonetsetsa kuti m'mphepete mwake muli bwino komanso mosalala. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wokonza zinthu zozizira, galasilo limaphwanyidwa bwino kuti pamwamba pake pakhale poyera bwino. Pambuyo pa sitepe iyi, galasilo limapatsidwa chithandizo chamakono cha kutentha kwa nthunzi. Cholinga cha chithandizochi ndikusintha kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a galasi, kuwonjezera kuuma kwake kuti likwaniritse zofunikira zoteteza moto likakumana ndi malawi otentha kwambiri. Kuti liwongolere bwino ntchito yake yoyaka moto, galasilo limakutidwa ndi filimu yapadera yoteteza moto. Filimuyi imawonjezera chitetezo chowonjezera popanda kukhudza mawonekedwe oyambirira a galasi, kuphatikiza mtundu wake ndi kutumiza kwa kuwala. Kuphatikiza apo, pamwamba pa galasi lakhalanso ndi chithandizo chapadera cholimbitsa thupi. Chithandizochi chimaphatikizapo ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana wopangidwa kuti ulimbikitse galasi, kuonetsetsa kuti limakhala lolimba komanso kuwonjezera kukana kwake kukhudzidwa. Gawo lofunika kwambiri la njira yopangira zinthu zozizira iyi ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma reactor, omwe amagwira ntchito ngati zida zapadera zowola kutentha ndi gasi. Zipangizozi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochita machitidwe a mankhwala ofunikira pa njira yochizira kutentha, kuonetsetsa kuti galasilo likusinthidwa.
Zotsatira za njira yogwirira ntchito yozizirayi zinali zazikulu. Makampani omwe amafunikira zipangizo zolimba komanso zosapsa ndi moto angapindule kwambiri ndi luso limeneli. Ntchito zake zimachokera ku makampani omanga, komwe magalasi ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati moto angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yotetezera m'nyumba, kapena m'malo opangira mafakitale, komwe kulimba kwambiri komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kukula kwa njira yogwirira ntchito yozizirayi kunawonetsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakupanga zipangizo zotetezera moto. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera nthunzi, galasi la soda lime silica tsopano likhoza kukulitsidwa kufika pamlingo wovuta kwambiri komanso wokana moto. Mwa kuphatikiza bwino ukadaulo uwu, mbadwo watsopano wa magalasi oteteza moto amphamvu kwambiri ukhoza kupangidwa, kusintha makampaniwa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pali miyezo yapamwamba yachitetezo pa ntchito zambiri.
2. Kusankha choyeneramawilo opukutirayopukusira galasi
Kupera galasi ndi njira yovuta yomwe imafuna zida ndi njira zoyenera kuti zitsimikizire kuti kumaliza kuli kosalala komanso kolondola. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukwaniritsa zotsatira zomwe mukufuna ndikusankha zida zoyenera zopera. Mawilo opera amapangidwa ndi tinthu tomwe timaphwanyika ndi tinthu tomwe timaphwanyika. Tinthu tomwe timaphwanyika ndi tomwe timachotsa zinthuzo panthawi yopera ndipo timaphatikizidwa kukhala mawonekedwe enaake pomangirira zinthuzo. Zinthu zomangirazo zimapereka mphamvu ndi mgwirizano wofunikira ku gudumu, pomwe porosity imathandizira kutuluka kwa chip ndi kuyenda kwa coolant.
Pakupukusira galasi, nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito grit yopyapyala kuti apange malo osalala komanso opukutidwa. Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumatsimikizira kuti palibe mikwingwirima kapena zizindikiro zambiri pamwamba pa galasi. Kulimba kwa gudumu lopukusira ndi chinthu china chofunikira kuganizira. Galasi ndi chinthu chophwanyika pang'ono, kotero gudumu lofewa pang'ono nthawi zambiri limakondedwa kuti lichepetse chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa galasi. Komabe, kuuma kwenikweni komwe kumafunika kumatha kusiyana kutengera mtundu wa galasi lopukusira ndi kumaliza komwe mukufuna. Kukonzekera bwino gudumu lopukusira ndikofunikanso. Musanagwiritse ntchito gudumu lopukusira, yang'anani ngati gudumu lopukusira lawonongeka kapena lasokonekera, apo ayi, lingayambitse kupukusira kosagwirizana kapena kusweka. Ndikofunikira kutsatira malangizo a wopanga ndikuyika gudumu kuti muwonetsetse kuti likugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti likhale lotetezeka.
Pomaliza, kusankha chida choyenera chopera ndikofunikira kwambiri popera galasi bwino. Ma abrasives okhala ndi grit yopyapyala komanso kuuma kwapakati nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa kuti akwaniritse bwino komanso molondola pamwamba pa galasi. Kukonzekera bwino zida ndi kutsatira malangizo achitetezo ndi zinthu zofunika kuziganizira. Kupera magalasi molondola komanso kwabwino kwambiri kungapezeke posankha gudumu lopera loyenera ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-17-2023