Girazi chinhu chinowanikwa muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, chinowanikwa mumahwindo, magirazi uye zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvakasiyana-siyana. Kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa zvemashandisirwo akasiyana, zvinhu zvegirazi zvinowanzo gadziriswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kushanda muchando. Muchinyorwa chino, tinoongorora pfungwa yekushanda muchando kwegirazi re optical uye tinokurukura mavhiri ekukuya akakodzera ekukuya magirazi.
Kugadziriswa kwegirazi rinopenya nechando kunoreva nzira dzekugadzira, kukuya, uye kupukuta patembiricha yemumba pasina kupisa kana kumwe kurapwa kwekupisa. Nzira iyi inonyanya kukosha pakuchengetedza hunhu hwegirazi rinopenya uye kururama kwegirazi panguva yekugadzira. Pakukuya girazi, chinhu chikuru chinofanira kufungwa nezvacho kusarudza vhiri rinokwesha. Mavhiri ekukuya zvishandiso zvinokwesha zvinoshandiswa kubvisa zvinhu uye kupedzisa pamusoro. Vhiri rekukuya rakakodzera rinogona kuona kuti girazi rinoshanda zvakanaka uye kuderedza kukuvara.
1. Chii chinonzi kugadzirwa kwegirazi remaziso kunotonhora?
Girazi rekuona:
Girazi reOptical chinhu chinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana, chinoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mumidziyo yeOptical uye masisitimu emakanika. Kujeka kwaro kwakanyanya uye kufanana kwaro, kwemakemikari uye kwemuviri, kunoita kuti rive rakakodzera kushandiswa kunoda maOptical constants chaiwo. Girazi reOptical rinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dzakasiyana zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwaro. Mhuri yeSilicate ine magirazi akagadzirwa zvakanyanya nesilicon dioxide (SiO2). Izvi zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira maLens, Prisms, uye Windows nekuda kwehunhu hwazvo hwakanaka hwekutumira munzvimbo dzinoonekwa uye dziri pedyo neinfrared. Girazi reBorate series rine huwandu hwakawanda hweBoron oxide (B2O3) mukugadzirwa kwaro. Iyi series inozivikanwa nekupararira kwayo kushoma, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa uko kunodiwa kuderedza chromatic aberration, senge maLens eKamera emhando yepamusoro. Iyo phosphate series inonyanya kuumbwa nephosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Rudzi urwu rwegirazi rune index yakakwira ye refraction uye kuramba kwakanyanya kupisa uye makemikari, zvichiita kuti rive rakakosha mukushandiswa kunoda kushanda kwakasimba kweOptical uye kugara kwenguva refu. Iyo fluorine compound series ine magirazi ayo chikamu chikuru chiri fluorine (F). Magirazi aya ane hunhu hwakaderera hwekupararira uye anowanzo shandiswa kugadzira malenzi emhando yepamusoro emakamera, maikorosikopu, uye materesikopu. Chekupedzisira, mhuri yechalcogenide inosanganisira magirazi anoumbwa nezvinhu zvechalcogen zvakaita sesarufa (S), selenium (Se), uye tellurium (Te). Girazi reChalcogenide rakasiyana nekuti rine hunhu hwakanaka hwekutumira ma infrared. Rinowanzo shandiswa muma infrared optics akadai semasisitimu ekuona husiku uye ma infrared detectors. Kazhinji, girazi re optical chinhu chakasiyana chine maumbirwo akasiyana uye hunhu hwakakodzera mashandisirwo chaiwo e optical. Kujeka kwaro kwakanyanya, kufanana, uye ma optical constants chaiwo zvinoita kuti rive chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwema lenzi, ma prism, magirazi, uye mahwindo ezvishandiso zve optical uye masisitimu emakanika.
Tekinoroji yekushanda inotonhora:
Mukufambira mberi kuri kuita zvinhu zvitsva, nzira yemazuva ano yekugadzira girazi rinotonhora yakabuda inokwanisa kushandura girazi resoda-lime-silicate kuita chinhu chakasimba chisingatsvi. Iyi tekinoroji yekutanga inoshandisa makemikari ekupisa kwemhepo, izvo zvinoshandura chimiro chemamorekuru egirazi pasina kukanganisa ruvara rwaro rwepakutanga uye kufambiswa kwechiedza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyi nzira itsva inoita kuti girazi rikwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasimba zvekuomarara uye zvinobudirira kutsungirira moto unodziya zvakanyanya. Nzira yekugadzira girazi iri rakaoma risingatsvi inosanganisira zvinhu zvakakosha. Musanganiswa mukuru wezvikamu unoumbwa neutsi hwepotassium munyu (72% ~ 83%), gasi reargon (7% ~ 10%), gasi recopper chloride (8% ~ 12%), uye gasi renitrogen (2% ~ 6%) nehuremu hwehuwandu. %). Izvi zvikamu zvakasarudzwa nokungwarira zvinoita basa rakakosha mukubudirira kwekushandisa matekiniki ekushanda anotonhora.
Maitiro ekugadzira anotanga nekucheka substrate yegirazi resoda-lime-silica, zvichiita kuti mucheto uve wakarurama uye wakatsetseka. Uchishandisa tekinoroji yekugadzira inotonhora, girazi rinokuyiwa zvakanaka kuti pamusoro paro panyatsonaka. Mushure medanho iri, girazi rinoiswa mushonga wekupisa wemakemikari mutsva. Chinangwa chekurapa uku ndechekuchinja chimiro chemamorekuru egirazi, kuwedzera kuomarara kwaro kuitira kuti rikwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekudzivirira moto kana rakaiswa mumoto unodziya zvakanyanya. Kuti riwedzere kushanda kwaro mumoto, girazi rinoputirwa nefirimu rekudzivirira moto rakakosha. Firimu iri rinowedzera imwe layer yekudzivirira pasina kukanganisa hunhu hwepakutanga hwegirazi, kusanganisira ruvara rwaro uye kutumirwa kwechiedza. Pamusoro pezvo, pamusoro pegirazi rakaitwawo mushonga wekusimbisa muviri wakakosha. Kurapa uku kunosanganisira matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana akagadzirirwa kusimbisa girazi, kuve nechokwadi chekuti rinogara kwenguva refu uye kuwedzera kuramba kwaro. Chikamu chakakosha cheiyi nzira yekugadzira inotonhora kushandiswa kwema reactors, ayo anoshanda semidziyo yakasarudzika yekupisa uye gasification. Midziyo iyi inoita basa rakakosha mukuita maitiro emakemikari anodiwa pakurapa kupisa, kuve nechokwadi chekushandurwa kwegirazi.
Kubudirira kwenzira iyi yekushanda inotonhora kwaive kwakakura. Maindasitiri anoda zvinhu zvakasimba uye zvisingatsvi anogona kubatsirwa zvikuru nehunyanzvi uhwu. Mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana kubva muindasitiri yekuvaka, uko magirazi ane mwero wemoto anogona kushandiswa senzira yekuchengetedza muzvivakwa, kana munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, uko kugara kwenguva refu uye kuramba kupisa kwakanyanya kwakakosha. Kuvandudzwa kwenzira iyi yekushanda inotonhora kwakaratidza kufambira mberi kukuru mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinodzivirira moto. Nekushandisa simba rekurapa kupisa kwemakemikari, soda lime silica glass ikozvino inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika padanho repamusoro rekuomarara uye kudzivirira moto. Nekubatanidza tekinoroji iyi zvinobudirira, chizvarwa chitsva chemagirazi anodzivirira moto anoshanda zvakanyanya chinogona kugadzirwa, zvichichinja indasitiri uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti mitemo yakachengeteka yepamusoro yekushandiswa kwakawanda.
2. Kusarudza chakakodzeramavhiri ekukuyayekukuya girazi
Kukuya girazi inzira inonetsa inoda zvishandiso nematekiniki akakodzera kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kupera kwacho kwakanyatsonaka uye kwakanyatsojeka. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha pakuwana mhedzisiro inodiwa kusarudza zvishandiso zvekukuya zvakakodzera. Mavhiri ekukuya anoumbwa netsanga dzinokwesha uye dzinosunga. Tsanga dzinokwesha dzinonyanya kukonzera kubviswa kwezvinhu panguva yekukuya uye dzinobatanidzwa kuita chimiro chakati nekubatanidza chinhu chacho. Chinhu chinosunga chinopa simba rinodiwa uye chinosunga vhiri, nepo porosity ichibatsira kubvisa chips uye kuyerera kwemvura inotonhorera.
Pakukuya girazi, grit yakatsetseka inowanzo kurudzirwa kuti iwane nzvimbo yakatsetseka uye yakashongedzwa. Hukuru hwetsanga hwakatsetseka hunovimbisa kukwenya kushoma kana mavanga pamusoro pegirazi. Kuoma kwevhiri rekukuya chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekufunga nezvacho. Girazi chinhu chisina kusimba, saka vhiri rakapfava zvishoma rinowanzo shandiswa kuderedza njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwegirazi. Zvisinei, kuoma chaiko kunodiwa kunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwegirazi rekukuya uye kupera kwaunoda. Kugadzirira vhiri rekukuya kwakakoshawo. Usati washandisa vhiri rekukuya, tarisa kana vhiri rekukuya rakakuvara kana kuti rakakanganisika, zvikasadaro, richaita kuti kukuya kusaenzana kana kutotyoka. Zvakakosha kutevedzera nhungamiro dzekuisa vhiri remugadziri uye truing kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti rinoshanda zvakanaka uye rakachengeteka.
Mukupedzisa, kusarudza chishandiso chekukuya chakakodzera kwakakosha pakukuya girazi zvinobudirira. Zvishandiso zvekukuya zvine grit diki uye kuomarara kwepakati zvinowanzo kurudzirwa kuti zvipedzise zvakanaka uye zvakanyatsonaka pamusoro pegirazi. Kugadzirira zvishandiso nemazvo uye kutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedza zvinhu zvakakoshawo kufunga nezvazvo. Kukuya girazi nemazvo uye kwemhando yepamusoro kunogona kuwanikwa nekusarudza vhiri rekukuya rakakodzera uye kushandisa nzira chaiyo.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-17-2023